Divide the text in seven paragraphs.
Flying has become an important, even essential, part of modern life; yet it continues to cause a significant proportion of the public to feel anxiety. A fear of flying seems, however, to contradict the facts; for example, driving in an automobile is statistically many times more dangerous. A fear of flying (also called aviatophobia or aviophobia.) is a level of anxiety so great that it prevents a person from travelling by air, or causes great distress to a person when he or she is compelled to travel by air. The wide-eyes, clenched fists, intense sweating, tightness in throat, dry mouth, weakness in muscles, and increased heart beat and blood pressure are among common symptoms. The most extreme manifestations can include panic attacks or vomiting at the mere sight or mention of an aircraft or air travel. A fear of flying may be created by various factors such as a fear of staying in closed spaces (claustrophobia) e. g. in an aircraft cabin, a fear of heights (acrophobia), a feeling of not being in control (since a passenger is not piloting the plane and cannot get out at will), previous traumatizing flight experiences or having lost a close person to a plane crash, a fear of hijacking or terrorism, a fear of turbulence or storms etc. Some people who are afraid of flying manage their fears well enough to be able to fly, but they may still spend considerable time and emotional energy thinking about the dangers that may befall them during the flight. A few people are literally incapable of getting on a plane and must use other means of transport. How can you reduce your fear of flying? There are things you can do before the flight. You should be careful when choosing a carrier. Commercial, scheduled airline flights maybe a bit more expensive but they are relatively safe. You should not rush on the day of your departure. Take it easy, try to relax. Arrive at the airport in plenty of time before the take off because rushing may increase the feeling of anxiety. And there are a few things which can help you when you are on the plane. Keep distracted during the flight--watch the movie even if it is bad or you have seen it already. Read a book or do a crossword puzzle. Do anything that keeps your mind occupied and not dwelling on morbid possibilities. Listen to peaceful and calming music as you tend to hear sounds that either do not exist or are perfectly normal flight noises. Breathe deeply as often as you can, and remember that the sick bag in front of you can be used as an anti-hyperventilating device as well. Medications prescribed by your doctor may also be helpful. Many passengers believe that a small amount ot alcohol before or during a flight may be beneficial as a short-term treatment of a fear of flying. However, most professionals advise a more long-term strategy e.g. courses which can help people get over a fear of flying. These courses use various anti-stress techniques, education, and desensitization through direct experience to assist people in overcoming their fear of flying. They may be expensive but if you are a frequent flier, they are certainly worth the money.
essential - nevyhnutný, yet - a predsa, significant - význačný, anxiety/distress - strach, úzkosť, compel - donútiť, clench - zovrieť, tightness - tu: zovretie, befall - prihodiť sa, dwell - sústrediť sa na
KEY
§1, §2 A fear of flying is a level ..., §3 The fear of flying may be created ..., §4 Some people who are afraid ..., §5 How can you ..., §6 And there are a few things which ..., §7 However, most ...
Are these statements true or false?
A.Many people are still afraid of flying.
B. Statistics justify fear of flying.
C. Not all people can overcome the fear of flying.
D. Careful selection of the airline is important.
E. We should listen carefully to flight noises as they are an indicator of an absolutely normal flight.
F. Frequent fliers can get reductions on fear-of- flying courses.
KEY
True - A, C, D False - B, E, F
BY or UNTIL
by = not later than a specific time until = up to a certain time
1. I lived in Prague ........... I was 25. Then I came to Bratislava.
2. We waited ........... 10 o'clock.
3. ........... when is the shop open?
4. ........... the time the police arrived the man had run away.
5. Stay on the train ........... London.
6. The work must be comleted ........... Friday at latest.
7. The problem has actually never been publicly discussed ........... now.
8. I won't serve tea ........... you return.
9. Let's wait ........... the sun shines. 10. ........... she spoke I hadn´t realized she was Italian.
11. They should have called ........... now.
12. ........... the time this letter reaches you, I will have left you forever.
13. I stayed up ........... long after midnight.
14. He didn't notice it ........... quite recently.
KEY
by - 4, 6, 11, 12 until - 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14
OPRAVTE CHYBY
1. As soon as I get out of bed, I have done fifty pushups.
2. We were walking near the lake when a large puma has appeared just ahead.
3. When I ask the time, he told to me it is just after six.
4. She loves exploring new cultures and to learn foreign languages.
5. Dr Jones smiled and had welcomed the new patient.
6. We sat in the library when the lights went off. We were worried because
we did not know how will we get out of there.
7. Whenever my brother is practising the piano, I cover my ears. It´s awful!
8. I was such busy last year. I went to school, work part time and took
a French course at night.
9. It is much more easier to read a book than writing one.
10. We were sitting by the window and we had been playing cards.
11. Listening to music likes me.
12. Do you think that they will finish the film by the end of May?
KEY
1 - I do, 2 - a ... puma appeared, 3 - I asked, he told me, it was, 4 - to explore ... to learn/exploring ... learning, 5 - and welcomed, 6 - we were sitting, how we would get, 7 - my brother practices, 8 - so busy, worked, 9 - much easier,
than to write one, 10 - and playing, 11 - I like listening to music, 12 - they will have finished
COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS alebo slová, ktoré si často mýlime
broke = bez peňazí, na mizine to be/get broke
broken = zlomený, pokazený a broken bone; he is a broken man; my PC is broken
care about = dbať o, stáť o, zaujímať sa o, mať rád niekoho/niečo they don´t care about us
care for/take care of = starať sa o niekoho he cares for/takes care of the baby
a cook = kuchár/-ka she is a great cook
a cooker = varič the cooker is broken
Running a Business Meeting
Keeping the Meeting on Time/Dodržiavanie času
Well, that seems to be all the time we have today. - Zdá sa, že dnes už nemáme viac času.
The meeting is due to finish/adjourn at 5 pm. - Porada sa má skončiť o 5-tej.
I’m afraid, we need to keep an eye on the time. -Obávam sa, že musíme dávať pozor na/sledovať čas.
Please could you keep your comments as be brief as possible. - Mohli by ste čo najviac skrátiť svoje pripomienky?
I'm afraid we've run out of time/we're running out of time. - Obávam sa, že náš čas uplynul/že už nemáme veľa času.
Let’s all try to make it as brief as possible. - Pokúsme sa to skrátiť čo naviac = rýchlo vybaviť.
Summarizing the discussion and the arguments raised I/Zhrnutie diskusie a argumentov I
Right. So if no one else has anything to add, I would like to recapitulate the main points.- Dobre. Tak, ak nikto nechce nič dodať, rád by som zhrnul hlavné body.
I just have a few closing remarks and then you will all be free to go. – Mám len niekoľko poznámok na záver a potom môžete odísť.
Before we close, let me just summarize the main points. - Kým skončíme, len zhrniem hlavné body.
I shall go over/sum up/recapitulate the main points. - Prejdem/zhrniem hlavné body.
In conclusion, I would like to .. - Na záver by som chcel/-a ...
Simply ... - Skrátka ...
Briefly,/In brief, ... - V krátkosti/Stručne povedané ...
To sum the discussion up, ... - Aby som zhrnul/-a diskusiu, ...
In sum,/To sum (it) up,/Summing (it) up,/To recapitulate,... - Aby som to zhrnu/-la, ...
The discussion so far has suggested/proved/shown that... - Doterajšia diskusia naznačila/dokázala/ukázala, že ...
First most of you think that ... Second ... And finally ... - Po prvé, mnohí z Vás si myslia ... Po druhé... Na koniec...
Most of you consider/find (this plan not acceptable). - Mnohí z Vás považujú (tento plán za ...).
There seems to be a general dis-/agreement about ... - Zdá sa že prevláda všeobecný ne-/súhlas s ...
There seems to be a considerable area of conflict over ... - Zdá sa, že je značný spor = konflikt = nezhoda ohľadne ...
(Basically) we’re in agreement as far as … is/are concerned. – (V podstate) sa zhodujeme, pokiaľ ide o...
So, to sum up – I think we are all well aware that .. - Aby som to zhrnul/-a – myslím si, že sme si všetci dobre vedomí toho, že …